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| Symbol | Description | Subject | Level | Frequency | Aliases | LaTeX | Unicode | Related | Example | Common fields |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p denotes voiceless bilabial plosive in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless bilabial plosive 清双唇塞音 | p | U+0070 | — | [p] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| b denotes voiced bilabial plosive in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced bilabial plosive 浊双唇塞音 | b | U+0062 | — | [b] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| t denotes voiceless alveolar plosive in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless alveolar plosive 清齿龈塞音 | t | U+0074 | — | [t] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| d denotes voiced alveolar plosive in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced alveolar plosive 浊齿龈塞音 | d | U+0064 | — | [d] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| k denotes voiceless velar plosive in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless velar plosive 清软腭塞音 | k | U+006B | — | [k] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɡ denotes voiced velar plosive in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced velar plosive 浊软腭塞音 | ɡ | U+0261 | — | [ɡ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ʔ denotes glottal stop in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Glottal stop 声门塞音 | \textglotstop | U+0294 | — | [ʔ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| m denotes bilabial nasal in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音 | m | U+006D | — | [m] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| n denotes alveolar nasal in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Alveolar nasal 齿龈鼻音 | n | U+006E | — | [n] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ŋ denotes velar nasal in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Velar nasal 软腭鼻音 | \ng | U+014B | — | [ŋ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɲ denotes palatal nasal in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Palatal nasal 硬腭鼻音 | \textltailn | U+0272 | — | [ɲ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɳ denotes retroflex nasal in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Retroflex nasal 卷舌鼻音 | ɳ | U+0273 | — | [ɳ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| f denotes voiceless labiodental fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless labiodental fricative 清唇齿擦音 | f | U+0066 | — | [f] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| v denotes voiced labiodental fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced labiodental fricative 浊唇齿擦音 | v | U+0076 | — | [v] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| θ denotes voiceless dental fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless dental fricative 清齿擦音 | \theta | U+03B8 | — | [θ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ð denotes voiced dental fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced dental fricative 浊齿擦音 | \eth | U+00F0 | — | [ð] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| s denotes voiceless alveolar fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless alveolar fricative 清齿龈擦音 | s | U+0073 | — | [s] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| z denotes voiced alveolar fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced alveolar fricative 浊齿龈擦音 | z | U+007A | — | [z] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ʃ denotes voiceless postalveolar fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless postalveolar fricative 清龈后擦音 | \esh | U+0283 | — | [ʃ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ʒ denotes voiced postalveolar fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced postalveolar fricative 浊龈后擦音 | \ezh | U+0292 | — | [ʒ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ç denotes voiceless palatal fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless palatal fricative 清硬腭擦音 | \c{c} | U+00E7 | — | [ç] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| x denotes voiceless velar fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless velar fricative 清软腭擦音 | x | U+0078 | — | [x] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɣ denotes voiced velar fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced velar fricative 浊软腭擦音 | \textgamma | U+0263 | — | [ɣ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| h denotes voiceless glottal fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiceless glottal fricative 清声门擦音 | h | U+0068 | — | [h] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɦ denotes voiced glottal fricative in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Voiced glottal fricative 浊声门擦音 | ɦ | U+0266 | — | [ɦ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| r denotes alveolar trill in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Alveolar trill 齿龈颤音 | r | U+0072 | — | [r] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɾ denotes alveolar tap in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Alveolar tap 齿龈闪音 | ɾ | U+027E | — | [ɾ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɹ denotes alveolar approximant in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Alveolar approximant 齿龈近音 | ɹ | U+0279 | — | [ɹ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| l denotes alveolar lateral approximant in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Alveolar lateral approximant 齿龈边近音 | l | U+006C | — | [l] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| j denotes palatal approximant in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Palatal approximant 硬腭近音 | j | U+006A | — | [j] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| w denotes labial-velar approximant in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Labial-velar approximant 唇软腭近音 | w | U+0077 | — | [w] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| i denotes close front unrounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Close front unrounded vowel 闭前不圆唇元音 | i | U+0069 | — | [i] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| y denotes close front rounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Close front rounded vowel 闭前圆唇元音 | y | U+0079 | — | [y] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɪ denotes near-close front unrounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Near-close front unrounded vowel 次闭前不圆唇元音 | ɪ | U+026A | — | [ɪ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ʊ denotes near-close back rounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Near-close back rounded vowel 次闭后圆唇元音 | ʊ | U+028A | — | [ʊ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| e denotes close-mid front unrounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Close-mid front unrounded vowel 半闭前不圆唇元音 | e | U+0065 | — | [e] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ø denotes close-mid front rounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Close-mid front rounded vowel 半闭前圆唇元音 | \o | U+00F8 | — | [ø] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ə denotes schwa in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Schwa 中央元音 | \schwa | U+0259 | — | [ə] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| o denotes close-mid back rounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Close-mid back rounded vowel 半闭后圆唇元音 | o | U+006F | — | [o] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɛ denotes open-mid front unrounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Open-mid front unrounded vowel 半开前不圆唇元音 | \varepsilon | U+025B | — | [ɛ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| œ denotes open-mid front rounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Open-mid front rounded vowel 半开前圆唇元音 | œ | U+0153 | — | [œ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ʌ denotes open-mid back unrounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Open-mid back unrounded vowel 半开后不圆唇元音 | \textturnv | U+028C | — | [ʌ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɔ denotes open-mid back rounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Open-mid back rounded vowel 半开后圆唇元音 | ɔ | U+0254 | — | [ɔ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| æ denotes near-open front unrounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Near-open front unrounded vowel 次开前不圆唇元音 | \ae | U+00E6 | — | [æ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| a denotes open front unrounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Open front unrounded vowel 开前不圆唇元音 | a | U+0061 | — | [a] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɑ denotes open back unrounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Open back unrounded vowel 开后不圆唇元音 | \textscripta | U+0251 | — | [ɑ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ɒ denotes open back rounded vowel in international phonetic alphabet. | International Phonetic Alphabet | Intermediate | Frequent | Open back rounded vowel 开后圆唇元音 | ɒ | U+0252 | — | [ɒ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ˈ denotes primary stress in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Primary stress 主重音 | \textprimstress | U+02C8 | — | [ˈwɜːd] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ˌ denotes secondary stress in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Secondary stress 次重音 | \textsecstress | U+02CC | — | [ˌ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ː denotes length mark in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Length mark 长音 | \textlengthmark | U+02D0 | — | [iː] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ˑ denotes half-long mark in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Half-long mark 半长音 | ˑ | U+02D1 | — | [eˑ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ̆ denotes extra-short in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Extra-short 超短音 | \breve{} | U+0306 | — | [ĕ] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| . denotes syllable break in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Syllable break 音节分界 | . | U+002E | — | [æ.kə] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ‿ denotes linking in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Linking 连音 | \undertie | U+203F | — | [r‿a] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ˥ denotes extra-high tone in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Extra-high tone 超高调 | ˥ | U+02E5 | — | ma˥ | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ˦ denotes high tone in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | High tone 高调 | ˦ | U+02E6 | — | ma˦ | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ˧ denotes mid tone in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Mid tone 中调 | ˧ | U+02E7 | — | ma˧ | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ˨ denotes low tone in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Low tone 低调 | ˨ | U+02E8 | — | ma˨ | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ˩ denotes extra-low tone in suprasegmentals & tone. | Suprasegmentals & Tone | Intermediate | Frequent | Extra-low tone 超低调 | ˩ | U+02E9 | — | ma˩ | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| / denotes phonemic delimiter in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Phonemic delimiter 音位括号 | / | U+002F | — | /pɪn/ | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| [] denotes phonetic delimiter in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Phonetic delimiter 语音括号 | [] | U+005B + U+005D | — | [pʰɪn] | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| * denotes ungrammatical in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Ungrammatical 不合语法 | * | U+002A | — | *He go. | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ? denotes questionable acceptability in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Questionable acceptability 可疑可接受 | ? | U+003F | — | ?sentence | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| # denotes word boundary in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Word boundary 词边界 | \# | U+0023 | — | #word# | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| + denotes morpheme boundary in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Morpheme boundary 语素边界 | + | U+002B | — | un+happy | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| → denotes rewrite rule in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Rewrite rule 音变或重写规则 | \rightarrow | U+2192 | — | A → B / C_D | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| / denotes environment in rule in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Environment in rule 环境条件 | / | U+002F + U+0020 | — | A → B / C_D | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| _ denotes target position in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Target position 目标位置 | \_ | U+005F | — | C_D | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| ∅ denotes zero form in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Zero form 零形式 | \varnothing | U+2205 | — | A → ∅ | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| S denotes sentence node in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Sentence node 句子节点 | S | U+0053 | — | S → NP VP | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| NP denotes noun phrase in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Noun phrase 名词短语 | \mathrm{NP} | U+004E + U+0050 | — | NP → Det N | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography | |
| VP denotes verb phrase in grammar & analysis. | Grammar & Analysis | Intermediate | Frequent | Verb phrase 动词短语 | \mathrm{VP} | U+0056 + U+0050 | — | VP → V NP | Linguistics, phonetics, language teaching, lexicography |
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