BIOLOGY & GENETICS

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Nucleic acids, amino acids, genetics, cells, biochemical reactions, and common laboratory notation.

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SymbolDescriptionSubjectLevelFrequencyAliasesLaTeXUnicodeRelatedExampleCommon fields
DNA denotes deoxyribonucleic acid in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentDeoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸\mathrm{DNA}U+0044 + U+004E + U+0041—DNA 5′→3′Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
RNA denotes ribonucleic acid in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentRibonucleic acid 核糖核酸\mathrm{RNA}U+0052 + U+004E + U+0041—mRNABiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
A denotes adenine in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentAdenine 腺嘌呤AU+0041—A—TBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
T denotes thymine in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentThymine 胸腺嘧啶TU+0054—A—TBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
G denotes guanine in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentGuanine 鸟嘌呤GU+0047—G≡CBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
C denotes cytosine in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentCytosine 胞嘧啶CU+0043—G≡CBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
U denotes uracil in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentUracil 尿嘧啶UU+0055—A—UBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
5′ denotes five-prime end in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentFive-prime end 五撇端5^\primeU+0035 + U+2032—5′-ATGC-3′Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
3′ denotes three-prime end in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentThree-prime end 三撇端3^\primeU+0033 + U+2032—5′-ATGC-3′Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
+/+ denotes wild-type homozygote in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentWild-type homozygote 野生型纯合+/+U+002B + U+002F + U+002B—Gene +/+Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
+/− denotes heterozygote in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentHeterozygote 杂合+/-U+002B + U+002F + U+2212—Gene +/−Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
−/− denotes knockout homozygote in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentKnockout homozygote 敲除纯合-/-U+2212 + U+002F + U+2212—Gene −/−Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
♂ denotes male in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentMale 雄性\maleU+2642—♂ XYBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
♀ denotes female in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentFemale 雌性\femaleU+2640—♀ XXBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
F₁ denotes first filial generation in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentFirst filial generation 子一代F_1U+0046 + U+2081—P → F₁Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
P denotes parental generation in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentParental generation 亲本代PU+0050—P generationBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
n denotes haploid number in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentHaploid number 单倍体数nU+006E—n = 23Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
2n denotes diploid number in nucleic acids & genetics.Nucleic Acids & GeneticsIntermediateFrequentDiploid number 二倍体数2nU+0032 + U+006E—2n = 46Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Ala denotes alanine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentAlanine 丙氨酸\mathrm{Ala}U+0041 + U+006C + U+0061—A / AlaBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Arg denotes arginine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentArginine 精氨酸\mathrm{Arg}U+0041 + U+0072 + U+0067—R / ArgBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Asn denotes asparagine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentAsparagine 天冬酰胺\mathrm{Asn}U+0041 + U+0073 + U+006E—N / AsnBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Asp denotes aspartic acid in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentAspartic acid 天冬氨酸\mathrm{Asp}U+0041 + U+0073 + U+0070—D / AspBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Cys denotes cysteine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentCysteine 半胱氨酸\mathrm{Cys}U+0043 + U+0079 + U+0073—C / CysBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Gln denotes glutamine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentGlutamine 谷氨酰胺\mathrm{Gln}U+0047 + U+006C + U+006E—Q / GlnBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Glu denotes glutamic acid in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentGlutamic acid 谷氨酸\mathrm{Glu}U+0047 + U+006C + U+0075—E / GluBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Gly denotes glycine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentGlycine 甘氨酸\mathrm{Gly}U+0047 + U+006C + U+0079—G / GlyBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
His denotes histidine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentHistidine 组氨酸\mathrm{His}U+0048 + U+0069 + U+0073—H / HisBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Ile denotes isoleucine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentIsoleucine 异亮氨酸\mathrm{Ile}U+0049 + U+006C + U+0065—I / IleBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Leu denotes leucine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentLeucine 亮氨酸\mathrm{Leu}U+004C + U+0065 + U+0075—L / LeuBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Lys denotes lysine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentLysine 赖氨酸\mathrm{Lys}U+004C + U+0079 + U+0073—K / LysBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Met denotes methionine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentMethionine 甲硫氨酸\mathrm{Met}U+004D + U+0065 + U+0074—M / MetBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Phe denotes phenylalanine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentPhenylalanine 苯丙氨酸\mathrm{Phe}U+0050 + U+0068 + U+0065—F / PheBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Pro denotes proline in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentProline 脯氨酸\mathrm{Pro}U+0050 + U+0072 + U+006F—P / ProBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Ser denotes serine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentSerine 丝氨酸\mathrm{Ser}U+0053 + U+0065 + U+0072—S / SerBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Thr denotes threonine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentThreonine 苏氨酸\mathrm{Thr}U+0054 + U+0068 + U+0072—T / ThrBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Trp denotes tryptophan in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentTryptophan 色氨酸\mathrm{Trp}U+0054 + U+0072 + U+0070—W / TrpBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Tyr denotes tyrosine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentTyrosine 酪氨酸\mathrm{Tyr}U+0054 + U+0079 + U+0072—Y / TyrBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Val denotes valine in amino acids.Amino AcidsIntermediateFrequentValine 缬氨酸\mathrm{Val}U+0056 + U+0061 + U+006C—V / ValBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
ATP denotes adenosine triphosphate in cells & biochemistry.Cells & BiochemistryIntermediateFrequentAdenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷\mathrm{ATP}U+0041 + U+0054 + U+0050—ATP → ADP + PᵢBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
ADP denotes adenosine diphosphate in cells & biochemistry.Cells & BiochemistryIntermediateFrequentAdenosine diphosphate 二磷酸腺苷\mathrm{ADP}U+0041 + U+0044 + U+0050—ADP + Pᵢ → ATPBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
NAD⁺ denotes oxidized nad in cells & biochemistry.Cells & BiochemistryIntermediateFrequentOxidized NAD 氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸\mathrm{NAD}^+U+004E + U+0041 + U+0044 + U+207A—NAD⁺ + H⁺ + 2e⁻ → NADHBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
NADH denotes reduced nad in cells & biochemistry.Cells & BiochemistryIntermediateFrequentReduced NAD 还原型 NAD\mathrm{NADH}U+004E + U+0041 + U+0044 + U+0048—NADH → NAD⁺Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
ΔG denotes gibbs energy change in cells & biochemistry.Cells & BiochemistryIntermediateFrequentGibbs energy change 吉布斯自由能变化\Delta GU+0394 + U+0047—ΔG = ΔH − TΔSBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Kₘ denotes michaelis constant in cells & biochemistry.Cells & BiochemistryIntermediateFrequentMichaelis constant 米氏常数K_mU+004B + U+2098—v = Vₘₐₓ[S]/(Kₘ+[S])Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
Vₘₐₓ denotes maximum reaction rate in cells & biochemistry.Cells & BiochemistryIntermediateFrequentMaximum reaction rate 最大反应速率V_{max}U+0056 + U+2098 + U+2090 + U+2093—v → VₘₐₓBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
pH denotes acidity scale in laboratory notation.Laboratory NotationIntermediateFrequentAcidity scale 酸碱度\mathrm{pH}U+0070 + U+0048—pH = −log[H⁺]Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
×g denotes relative centrifugal force in laboratory notation.Laboratory NotationIntermediateFrequentRelative centrifugal force 相对离心力\times gU+00D7 + U+0067—12000 ×gBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
OD₆₀₀ denotes optical density at 600 nm in laboratory notation.Laboratory NotationIntermediateFrequentOptical density at 600 nm 600 nm 光密度\mathrm{OD}_{600}组合记号 / Composite notation—OD₆₀₀ = 0.8Biology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
µL denotes microlitre in laboratory notation.Laboratory NotationIntermediateFrequentMicrolitre 微升\mu\mathrm{L}U+00B5 + U+004C—10 µLBiology, medical research, pharmaceuticals, laboratories
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