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| Symbol | Description | Subject | Level | Frequency | Aliases | LaTeX | Unicode | Related | Example | Common fields |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ☉ denotes sun in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Sun 太阳 | \odot | U+2609 | — | M☉ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ☿ denotes mercury in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Mercury 水星 | \mercury | U+263F | — | ☿ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ♀ denotes venus in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Venus 金星 | \venus | U+2640 | — | ♀ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ⊕ denotes earth in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Earth 地球 | \oplus | U+2295 | — | R⊕ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ♂ denotes mars in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Mars 火星 | \mars | U+2642 | — | ♂ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ♃ denotes jupiter in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Jupiter 木星 | \jupiter | U+2643 | — | ♃ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ♄ denotes saturn in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Saturn 土星 | \saturn | U+2644 | — | ♄ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ♅ denotes uranus in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Uranus 天王星 | \uranus | U+2645 | — | ♅ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ♆ denotes neptune in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Neptune 海王星 | \neptune | U+2646 | — | ♆ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ♇ denotes pluto in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Pluto 冥王星 | \pluto | U+2647 | — | ♇ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ☽ denotes moon in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Moon 月球 | \leftmoon | U+263D | — | ☽ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ☄ denotes comet in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Comet 彗星 | \comet | U+2604 | — | ☄ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| M☉ denotes solar mass in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Solar mass 太阳质量 | M_\odot | U+004D + U+2609 | — | M = 2 M☉ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| R☉ denotes solar radius in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Solar radius 太阳半径 | R_\odot | U+0052 + U+2609 | — | R = 1 R☉ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| L☉ denotes solar luminosity in solar system & bodies. | Solar System & Bodies | Intermediate | Frequent | Solar luminosity 太阳光度 | L_\odot | U+004C + U+2609 | — | L = 10 L☉ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| a denotes semi-major axis in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Semi-major axis 轨道半长轴 | a | U+0061 | — | a = 1 AU | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| e denotes orbital eccentricity in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Orbital eccentricity 轨道偏心率 | e | U+0065 | — | e = 0.0167 | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| i denotes inclination in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Inclination 轨道倾角 | i | U+0069 | — | i = 7° | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| Ω denotes longitude of ascending node in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Longitude of ascending node 升交点经度 | \Omega | U+03A9 | — | Ω = 120° | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ω denotes argument of periapsis in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Argument of periapsis 近心点幅角 | \omega | U+03C9 | — | ω = 60° | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ν denotes true anomaly in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | True anomaly 真近点角 | \nu | U+03BD | — | ν(t) | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| P denotes orbital period in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Orbital period 轨道周期 | P | U+0050 | — | P² ∝ a³ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| α denotes right ascension in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Right ascension 赤经 | \alpha | U+03B1 | — | α = 12h | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| δ denotes declination in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Declination 赤纬 | \delta | U+03B4 | — | δ = +30° | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| λ denotes ecliptic longitude in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Ecliptic longitude 黄经 | \lambda | U+03BB | — | λ = 90° | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| β denotes ecliptic latitude in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Ecliptic latitude 黄纬 | \beta | U+03B2 | — | β = 5° | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| l denotes galactic longitude in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Galactic longitude 银经 | l | U+006C | — | l = 180° | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| b denotes galactic latitude in orbits & coordinates. | Orbits & Coordinates | Intermediate | Frequent | Galactic latitude 银纬 | b | U+0062 | — | b = 0° | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| z denotes redshift in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Redshift 红移 | z | U+007A | — | z = Δλ/λ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| m denotes apparent magnitude in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Apparent magnitude 视星等 | m | U+006D | — | m = 5 | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| M denotes absolute magnitude in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Absolute magnitude 绝对星等 | M | U+004D | — | M = m − 5log(d/10pc) | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| μ denotes proper motion in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Proper motion 自行 | \mu | U+03BC | — | μ = 0.1″/yr | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| π denotes parallax in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Parallax 周年视差 | \pi | U+03C0 | — | d(pc)=1/π(″) | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| Fν denotes spectral flux density in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Spectral flux density 谱通量密度 | F_\nu | U+0046 + U+03BD | — | Fν in Jy | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| λ₀ denotes rest wavelength in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Rest wavelength 静止波长 | \lambda_0 | U+03BB + U+2080 | — | z=(λ−λ₀)/λ₀ | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| H₀ denotes hubble constant in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Hubble constant 哈勃常数 | H_0 | U+0048 + U+2080 | — | v = H₀d | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| AU denotes astronomical unit in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Astronomical unit 天文单位 | \mathrm{AU} | U+0041 + U+0055 | — | a = 1 AU | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| ly denotes light-year in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Light-year 光年 | \mathrm{ly} | U+006C + U+0079 | — | d = 4.2 ly | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| pc denotes parsec in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Parsec 秒差距 | \mathrm{pc} | U+0070 + U+0063 | — | d = 10 pc | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education | |
| Jy denotes jansky in stars & observation. | Stars & Observation | Intermediate | Frequent | Jansky 央斯基 | \mathrm{Jy} | U+004A + U+0079 | — | Fν = 1 Jy | Astronomy, spaceflight, research, education |
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A symbol may mean different things across disciplines and standards. Always interpret it with its subject, context, and cited sources.